For a long time, hostile digital influence campaigns were predominantly the prerogative of autocratic states. Russia, in particular, has been at the forefront of both executing such campaigns and developing new methodologies in the realm of hostile digital influence.

Disinformation has become a pervasive threat to democratic societies, amplified by the rapid spread of information through digital platforms. Education plays a crucial role in combating this phenomenon by equipping individuals with the skills to critically evaluate information and navigate the complex digital landscape.

In the fourth part of our ongoing series on Chinese Influence in Southeast Asia, our Focus shifts to Malaysia. As with all papers in this series, the aim is to create a foundation upon which more detailed research can be conducted in the form of specific case studies.

In recent years, AIs have achieved a level of sophistication that was previously unimaginable within such a short time frame. From building webpages and creating texts to intelligence gathering, design, and medicine, AI is now being utilized in virtually every field. The impact of AI on the economy and society is profound and far-reaching.

In the third part of our ongoing series on Chinese digital influence in Southeast Asia our focus is on the Philippines. The aim of this paper is to create a foundation on which more detailed research can be conducted as specific case studies.

In the second part of our ongoing series on Chinese digital influence in Southeast Asia we are taking a closer look at Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest population and economy in Southeast Asia and is the most populous Islamic country in the world.

In the last decades Southeast Asia has increasingly become a playground for world powers, namely China and the USA, fighting over influence in the region.